How to interpret the value of 'Hazard Ratio" in practice

It seems like the same discussions come up around Reddit a lot, so I figured I'd gather up some common topics, and their rebuttals.
Many of these arguments can be expanded with more points and sources but I'm trying to keep this as compact and to the point as possible.

Myth 1: "Sexism against men is never institutional or systematic"

Many forms of sexism and discrimination against men are explicitly institutionalized or systemic in society.
Examples include police violence, court biases, incarceration, child custody discrimination, military service, educational biases, health research and spending, insurance, housing discrimination, reproductive rights, bodily autonomy rights, and many others.
The widespread ignorance and denialism around these issues can itself be interpreted as a form of systemic discrimination against men as well.
Note that some of these are institutional because they boil down to statutory legal rights which exist in the realm of government policy and administration. And the government is obviously an institution.

Myth 2: "Most politicians and CEOs are men, and this has led to a society that privileges men and disenfranchises women"

The fact that many positions of formal power are occupied by men does not translate into measurable privileges for the average man.
The assumption this is based on is the idea that men have an in-group bias and prefer other men over women.
Which is an idea that has been debunked over and over again in the academic literature. The gender bias among men is almost zero, and sometimes manifests as an out-group bias sightly in favor of women, not other men.
In-group bisses do exist among women though. In fact some research has found evidence for very strong gender biases among women. Including when it comes to educators, bosses, and hiring managers. Women in formal positions of power do actually seem to prefer other women over men, in much the same way that men are accused of behaving. So maybe this is just projection: people who themselves have gender biases assume that everyone else does as well.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15491274
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022103101915112
https://link.springer.com/chapte10.1007/978-3-030-04384-1_9

Myth 3: "Women were uniquely oppressed in history compared to men"

Much like today, sexism in history was often two sides of the same coin. If it was unfair that women had to stay home and take care of their children then it was also unfair that men had to work long hours outside the comfort of their homes. Many people try to equate sexism to the history of racism, as if men were unilaterally oppressing women for their own benefit. And that's simply not an accurate view of history (nor is it a very healthy belief to have).
Gender norms were often unfair to women. But for most of history, women could own property, get divorced (where they usually took most of their husband's money), run businesses, and even be heads of state. Many large empires were ran by women, for example.
The reality of the situation though is that pregnancy (and breastfeeding) often dictated the need for women to have men supporting them. Birth control and baby formula didn't exist. So your options were basically abstinence, or marriage. Which was the same choice that men also had.
https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Privileged_Sex.html?id=4szznAEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description
https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2e88e3f6-b270-4228-b930-9237c00e739f/download_file?file_format=application/pdf&safe_filename=Item.pdf&type_of_work=Journal%20article
https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199582174.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199582174-e-036
https://archive.org/details/legalsubjection00baxgoog/
https://www.marxists.org/archive/beard/woman-force/index.htm
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1855/f217b082603d0ab37ea80c4741fceb8a4a23.pdf
"What about voting rights?"
Voting rights were historically tied to military service and the draft. It was never something that men got "for free" just for being men.
In England, most men couldn't vote until 1918, and that was only because they instituted a draft for all men during WWI.
Women aged 30 and older were also given the right to vote in 1918, and this came without the same obligation to serve in the military that men had. Women over 21 were given voting rights just 10 years later in 1928, which was the same age that men could vote. And that temporary age difference had a practical purposes: so many men died in WW1 that there was a need to even out the gender ratio.
So men have been allowed to vote for a whopping 10 years longer than women, at most. And that was only because of the mass, involuntary slaughter that they experienced around the world during WW1.
Other obligations that men had were paying taxes, attending caucuses, and signing up for bucket bridges to fight fires.
It took a few decades in some parts of the world for people to decide that it was fair for women to be able to vote without giving anything back to the state, but I think it's important to understand the context here. It wasn't misogyny or oppression but political theory. Specifically the question of whether or not it was fair to give women voting rights without equivalent responsibilities that were required from men (something known as a moral hazard, and that can be contextualized as "female privilege also sometimes harming women").
https://www.parliament.uk/about/living-heritage/transformingsociety/electionsvoting/womenvote/parliamentary-collections/collections-the-vote-and-afterepresentation-of-the-people-act-1918/
http://www.familyofmen.com/when-did-men-and-women-have-the-right-to-vote-in-canada/
See also:
https://www.reddit.com/MensRights/comments/iu2ebj/women_could_and_did_own_property_and_have_rights/
https://www.reddit.com/LeftWingMaleAdvocates/comments/l1byes/suffrage_was_primarily_a_class_issue_not_a_gende

Myth 4: "Domestic violence and sexual assault are primarily women's issues"

Domestic violence and sexual assault affects everyone, and at nearly identical rates between men and women.
In the US, roughly 37.3% of women have been victims of domestic violence, stalking, sexual harassment, and sexual abuse. Including 1.4 million women who experience sexual assault annually.
For men that same figure is 30.9%. Including 1.7 million men who experience sexually assault annually (defined as "made to penetrate"). The vast majority of these men are also victimized by women, not by "other men" (which is another myth).
This pattern is similar across the world, including in poor and underdeveloped nations (see here for a collection of studies), and is consistent with a wide range of research demonstrating "gender parity" between men and women for this topic.
https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/NISVS-StateReportBook.pdf
http://webshare.law.ucla.edu/Faculty/bibs/stemple/Stemple-SexualVictimizationPerpetratedFinal.pdf
https://1in6.org
It's also not true that there's a significant difference in severity between male and female victims. Around 66% of intimate partner homicides do have women as victims (which is hardly a staggering majority), but when you include intimate partner related suicide deaths (including assisted suicides), a greater number of men are killed because of domestic violence than women. These statistic also ignore the fact that lesbian relationships are more violent than heterosexual and gay male relationships. Which inflates these numbers and doesn't necessarily back up the idea that women are being uniquely victimized by men.
We should obviously work to fight against abuse in any form, but our current, gendered approach to this doesn't seem to be helping very much. It is also commonly used as an excuse for misandry. Many people who discuss abuse against women do not actually care about female victims. All they care about is advancing a culture of hatred and sexism against men.
https://web.csulb.edu/~mfiebert/assault.htm
https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.5042/jacpr.2010.0141/full/html
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01506/full
See also:
https://www.reddit.com/MensRights/comments/f4rvop/some_sources_on_the_severity_of_domestic_violence/
https://www.reddit.com/MensRights/comments/koinom/some_sources_on_the_sexual_abuse_of_men_and_boys/
https://www.reddit.com/MensRights/comments/f5tes5/gender_parity_for_sexual_assault_academic_studies/
"But women are afraid to walk down dark alleyways at night!"
As they should. And as do men. Most violent crime targets men. And fear is subjective. This is hardly evidence of some kind of unique oppression against women (at least one that doesn't also affect men), and it ignores the fact that men are usually afraid of finding themselves in those same situations as well.
Men are stronger and more capable of defending themselves so I wouldn't blame someone for having gendered views or assumptions here. But let's try not to minimize male victimization or blame it on things like "male oppression".

Myth 5: "False allegations are extremely rare"

Multiple studies have found alarmingly high rates of false allegations in society.
As many as 1 in 7 men have been falsely accused at some point in their life, and they often have to live with those allegations even after proving their innocence.
In addition, around 1 in 20 women have also been falsely accused at some point during their life.
False allegations are particularly common when it comes to child custody and divorce, where well over half of all allegations have been estimated to be false. There is also a common racial element that targets minority men. Especially in history during the era of lynchings in the US.
http://www.saveservices.org/dv/falsely-accused/survey/
http://www.prosecutorintegrity.org/psurvey-over-20-million-have-been-falsely-accused-of-abuse/
https://quillette.com/2019/04/16/divorce-and-the-silver-bullet/
https://www.gutenberg.org/files/14977/14977-h/14977-h.htm
See also:
https://www.reddit.com/MensRights/comments/e6w4yc/i_call_bullshit_on_the_false_rape_accusation/

Myth 6: "Men commit suicide more often than women, but women still attempt suicide more often than men"

This idea has its origins with faulty hospital reporting which lumps suicide attempts in with self-harm (which is something that's more common among women). Women are also more likely to report their suicide attempts than men. And even if this statistic were accurate, it ignores the obvious fact that a suicide survivor can attempt again, thus artificially inflating this statistic.
The fact is, most suicid deaths are men, and most evidence points to there being more unique attempts by men. Any evidence that men are "better" at it than women has been interpreted as evidence for greater motivation of success, due to the very same factors that lead them to attempt suicide to begin with. Not as evidence that women are somehow attempting suicide at rates similar to men in the background.
https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-017-1398-8
See also:
https://www.reddit.com/MensRights/comments/cvpyve/comment/ey5xeda

Myth 7: "Men make more money because of their gender, and this is evidence of male privilege"

Existing gender norms encourage men to earn money in order to meet the financial demands that are placed on them by women.
This causes them to work harder and sacrifice more for their careers than women. Which they do in part because their income is tied to how successful they are with women, and whether or not they qualify as "marriage material".
The wage gap is therefore an example of a gender norm that harms men just as much as it does women.
92% of workplace deaths are men. Men work on average an extra 4 to 10 hours a week (depending on your source) than women. They start working at a younger age (often skirting child labor laws). They retire later (which is also during their peak earning years). And they die sooner than women. Men have worse health outcomes than women and that's largely because of the pressures that society puts on them to be successful and earn money to spend on women.
This is the other side of the wage gap that is equally as important, and that is equally as harmfully to men as it is to women. And it's really just the tip of the iceberg.
In many ways the wage gap is just a reflection of the financial exploitation of men in society. Which is facilitated by things like hypergamy and unfair marriage and divorce practices.
See also:
https://www.reddit.com/MensRights/comments/kzvfcg/about_the_wage_gap/
https://www.reddit.com/MensRights/comments/dxaimc/the_wage_gap_is_created_by_women_and_reflects/

Myth 8: "Men don't go to the doctor because of toxic masculinity"

The main reason that men sometimes don't seek help is a lack of time to see a doctor.
Men work longer hours than women at jobs that are less flexible, and more stressful, than jobs that women usually work at. Men overall engage in an extra hour of paid and unpaid labor per day compared to women, and an extra 45 minutes commuting to jobs that are further away. Meaning men on average have quite a bit less free time to go see a doctor than women do.
This is also something that changes during retirement: retired men are just as likely to go to the doctor as retired women.
https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/3/8/e003320
A general lack of help and support, especially financial support, for men who need medical help also contributes to this. There is a myth that men are better taken care of than women which has resulted in gendered policies that help women, but exclude men. Even though it's men who often need that help more.

Myth 9: "Men don't speak up about sexism as much as women, so it's obviously not as big of an issue"

This is because people are less likely to care or listen to them. In part because many men who do speak up are silenced and accused of being misogynistic. A situation known as testimonial injustice or epistemic oppression.
Men are told to keep quiet and many end up internalizing the idea that only women can be discriminated against, since this is what society tells us to believe. Instead, men often adopt different terminology when they discuss gender issues. Like referring to differences in treatment between men and women as "double standards" instead of sexism or discrimination.

Myth 10: "Most men's issues are caused by men themselves"

Most men's issues are caused by gender norms and those gender norms are enforced by women just as much as they are by men.
Men's issues are often just one side of the coin, and usually reflect disadvantages that women face as well.
One of the biggest gender norms in society is hypergamy, or the tendency for women to try to marry up, and for men to marry down. And this gender norm is mostly enforced by women, not by men.
Two other gender norm that are enforced by women is the providership gender norm, and the childcare gender norm. Which also causes women to perform more unpaid work and earn less money than men in the labor market.
A fourth gender norm that is enforced by women more than men is the "boys don't cry bias". Which is mainly instilled in young boys by their mothers and by female school teachers. In fact, fathers and male school teachers actually fight against this gender norm.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1053535711000321
https://www.theatlantic.com/sexes/archive/2013/04/messages-of-shame-are-organized-around-gende275322/
https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2014/09/24/chapter-1-public-views-on-marria
https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/akillewald/files/money_work_and_marital_stability.pdf
https://www.fatherhood.org/fatherhood/maternal-gatekeeping-why-it-matters-for-children
https://news.uoguelph.ca/2019/11/mothers-push-gender-stereotypes-more-than-fathers-study-reveals/
See also:
https://www.reddit.com/MensRights/comments/gjtj10/most_people_regardless_of_gender_prefer_to_stay/

Myth 11: "Toxic masculinity is harming men and their mental health"

The concept of toxic masculinity has never been empirically tested, and some research questions the validity of it in the context of psychology and mental health.
Even if you do think it is valid though, it is still commonly used in a way that is sexist and hateful torwards men.
In recent years it has become associated with female supremacy, feminist hostility towards men, and misandry in general. And as a result, the vast majority of men find the term to be sexist and offensive.
Men who identify with traditional masculine values have greater self-esteem, better mental health, better relationships with women, and are usually better educated than men who are opposed to masculinity or who accept feminist views about the patriarchy and toxic masculinity.
The key to better mental health for men might therefore be an embracement of masculinity, not a shunning of it. Instead of trying to redefine masculinity, we should work to understand it better, and offer men better services based on an honest acknowledgement that men's and women's mental health might require different approaches.
Men are not "defective women", and treating men's mental health in that context does not seem to be working very well.
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/17/opinion/apa-guidelines-men-boys.html
https://zenodo.org/record/3871217#.X-p1ji2l2J_
https://link.springer.com/chapte10.1007/978-3-030-04384-1_5

Myth 12: "Most men's activists just hate women or are opposed to feminism. They don't really care about men."

This rhetoric is normally used to silence the voices of men (and women) who support men's rights and prevent them from expressing themselves. Which makes it another example of testimonial injustice or epistemic oppression.
The fact is that many people do care about men's issues, and that's why they become MRAs. Feminism does get discussed in the men's movement, but there are a couple reasons for that:

Many feminists, "radical" or otherwise, have advocated against men and have even pushed for public policy in ways that are harmful to men or discriminates against men. Feminists themselves tend to not fight against this, meaning it's often up to MRAs to address it.
Many MRAs are themselves current or ex-feminists who were ostracized for daring to take the feminist rhetoric about "also caring about men" a little too seriously.

Warren Farrell is a great example of this. He used to be on the board of directors for NOW, the world's largest feminist organization.
And then he said that we need to work on child custody equality and reproductive rights for men. Topics that he assumed should fall under the umbrella of feminism since they are issues pertaining to gender equality. Instead of agreeing with him though, he ended up being excommunicated from the feminist movement. And now he's often regarded as the "father of the modern men's movement" for carrying on his advocacy outside of feminism.
The problem that many MRAs have with feminism is that it usually stops half way when advocating for gender equality.
So sometimes what MRAs are doing is just taking it the rest of the way towards actual gender equality. Our frustration with feminists comes from the fact that they refuse to see this as valid (or do it themselves to begin with).
See also:
https://www.reddit.com/MensRights/comments/ihmb2p/by_denying_that_the_feminist_establishment_is/
https://www.reddit.com/MensRights/comments/9v6tqj/a_list_about_feminism_misandry_for_anyone_who/

Myth 13: "Men don't receive custody of their children because they're bad fathers and don't bother requesting custody"

Academic research simply does not back this up. The only study that ever found something like this was discovered to be purposefully fraudulent, although that hasn't stopped people from trying to repeat this. The fact is that men are widely discriminated against on numerous different fronts when it comes to child custody and other areas involving family court law.
Note also how hateful this rhetoric is. This is the kind of stuff that you find repeated by feminists, and it simply doesn't treat this topic in a fair and honest manner. Fathers love their children and many fight tooth and nail just to get a few hours a week to spend with them. The system is broken and it represents a grave social injustice that is deeply unfair to fathers and their children.
https://www.sharedparenting.org/2019-shared-parenting-report
See also:
https://www.reddit.com/MensRights/comments/ilzceq/cmv_equal_child_custody_for_mothers_and_fathers/

Myth 14: "Most child abusers are men"

A majority of child abuse is actually committed by women, and especially by mothers. This is even more true when you include emotional abuse and neglect instead of just physical abuse.
By some metrics, the biological father is the safest person for a child to be with. This is because when men do abuse children, it often happens while under the custody of the mother. Who is sometimes complicit in the abuse or even encourages it.
Close to half of child abductors and traffickers are also women, not men. And many of their victims are boys. Boys face sexual abuse and are also used for forced labor and organ harvesting. They are less likely to survive or escape, are less likely to be reported on or identified, and they suffer from higher rates of abuse than girls who are trafficked.
And yet very little attention is given to this. Missing boys, and especially missing minority boys, are often ignored by society and the media. To the point that people often assume that most of the victims are girls. Something which is known as the missing white woman syndrome (although in Canada there is a lot of attention given to missing indigenous women, even though 71% of missing indigenous people are men and boys).
Note that I'm not saying these things to attack women, imply that they shouldn't receive custody, or to downplay the plight of girls. Which is a lot more than you can say about people who try to paint men as the villains in this picture. We should however be fair about what the facts are, and give male victimization, including victimization by women, the attention that it deserves.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16165212
https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/childmaltreatment-facts-at-a-glance.pdf
http://www.breakingthescience.org/SimplifiedDataFromDHHS.php
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0145213416302599
https://www.savethechildren.org/us/charity-stories/child-trafficking-myths-vs-facts
Fair is fair and equal is equal. Gender equality will never be fixed if we refuse to look at both sides of the coin. We need to be honest about what the problems are, and stop ignoring them when they involve men, fathers, and boys.

I've Found 929 Discs Over 4 Years - Here's Some Data!

Over the last 4 years I’ve collected data on the discs I’ve found, broken it down into chunks and trends I thought were interesting, and shared it with the community. Previous year’s posts can be found 2019 Post and 2020 Post.
This post deals with averages for the entire data set collected over the years. There are some comparisons from the previous years’ averages just for giggles here and there but if you’re looking for trends by comparing old posts you’ll need to remember that all of the data keeps getting rolled over into a larger and larger aggregate. I do plan on breaking finds down by year as well as location in future posts. Lots of neat data so may as well play with it, right?
I’ve explained my data collection a bit more near the end of this post. If you notice some math and number discrepancies, it’s likely due to rounding or an incomplete data set. Or maybe it’s just me.
As is tradition, I’d like you to ask yourself some questions about found discs. Take a guess, maybe ask your buddies what they think, and see how close you get to the actual data. Put a couple of bucks on it if that’s your thing. I’ll give you a little location context so you know what you’re working with.

Where were these discs found?
Basket - 2
Brush - 9
Fairway - 43
Marsh/Mud - 17
Woods - 91
On Ice - 7
Roof - 2
Water - 429
SCUBA - 323

Summarized into some cleaner percentages:
Water - 81%
Land - 19%

I’ll talk about some thoughts on the locations a bit later. I split Water and SCUBA in the table even though there’s some overlap. If a disc was listed as found in the water, it was recovered either using a retriever or wading. SCUBA is self explanatory. While there are no doubt some SCUBA discs that were found close enough to shore for wading, these were generally deeper and more inaccessible for somebody out just playing.

Here are your questions.
1. How many discs were marked with a name and number?
2. What’s my disc return rate?
3. What brand/manufacturer was lost most frequently?
4. What speed of disc was lost most frequently?
5. What color of disc was lost most frequently?
6. What type of plastic was lost most frequently?
7. What molds were most commonly lost?

I don’t recommend scrolling down much more prior to taking your guesses.

1. How many discs were marked with a name and number?
This, along with return rate, was actually one of the pieces of information I wanted to know about when I first started thinking about the discs we were finding. It’s certainly a populacontroversial topic on discgolf.

Discs marked with number: 47%
Unmarked discs: 51%
Marked, but no number: 2%

So basically half of the discs I find are uninked. That number has fluctuated a bit over the years by a % or two but has really been consistent. The marked but no number discs usually have a PDGA #, but sometimes it’s just a name. In retrospect, I wish I kept track of how many times a bad number was present on the disc but oh well, that ship has sailed.

2. What is my disc return rate?

Total Return Rate (All Discs): 30%
Total Return Rate (Marked Discs Only): 65%
Total Return Rate (Unmarked Discs): 9%

We text the numbers on the discs we find. Ideally we get it done immediately when we find it as it makes meet-ups easier, but sometimes they’re too dirty and need a good scrubbing before we can read the number. If the text doesn’t work, they get a call. We also scan the local league page, which has a running lost disc thread, and see if we recognize anything. From there we either meet up at a course, arrange a drop-off location like under a trash can, or give it to a league person that can run the disc to its owner. We increased our efforts quite a bit to run “iffy” discs back this year. Last year we only bothered with numbered discs. This year we tried to run back pretty much everything. There’s a story behind it but figured I wouldn’t clutter up a data post too much.
There’s actually a lot to unpack with these numbers. For example, 65% of marked discs are returned. Seems kind of low, right? But many of those owners tell us to keep the disc. My numbers on this data isn’t great as I only kept track of it this last year, but I have records of being told to keep a found disc 49 times - that’s 12% of marked discs. If we consider those discs “returned”, our rate goes up to 77%. Those numbers are low - I’m guessing if I had kept better records of “keep its” it would bring us closer to 80% but that’s speculation.
Additionally, my buddy has a duffle bag of marked discs waiting to be returned sitting in his car. There’s 35 of them in there that have had positive contacts and are pending being returned. That’s another 9% if they ever get around to trying to get their stuff back (I know, it’s COVID, we’re trying to be understanding - most of these discs have been in there for months though). Anyway, moral of the story? 86% of marked discs are “accounted” for per their owners wishes and a good chunk of the 14% that’s left just had bad numbers. Others never get back to us and a few drop off the face of the earth after replying once or twice. A couple of times the owner had passed. It’s an unusual feeling when you find one of their discs.
That still leaves us with a lot of unmarked discs. This year we got a small chunk (9% of all unmarked discs, 4% of total discs found) of them returned. Part of it was coordination with the local league. Part of it was just conversation with other players on the course. My buddy is a talker and likes meeting people. One of the first things he asks is if they’ve played a given course before and if they’ve lost anything. Surprisingly, we’ve returned quite a few discs from these conversations.
What do we do with all the unreturned discs? After a few weeks I suppose we take ownership of them and do what we want. Usually we end up giving them away. We adore giving families and groups that are just starting piles of discs. One of the new things we picked up doing this year is making people whole when they’ve lost a disc. Sometimes we haven’t found the specific disc somebody lost but have an identical(ish) unmarked, unwanted, or unclaimed mold that we found that we can give them as a replacement. Sometimes we’ll sell a batch off if we’re getting ridiculous on storage. Helps pay for gear and gas and keeps the clutter down. It’s pretty rare we need to do that though - we’d rather give them to new players but that becomes a tricky proposition with the high speed stuff. A few we’ll keep and bag ourselves, but it’s pretty rare beyond maybe just trying a new mold out for a round or three.

3. What brand/manufacturer was lost most frequently?

Innova - 46%
Discraft - 23%
Dynamic - 6%
MVP - 6%
Westside - 4%
Latitude 64 - 4%
Axiom - 3%
Prodigy - 2%
DGA - 2%
Discmania - 1%
Streamline <1%
Gateway <1%
Legacy <1%
Vibram <1%
Unknown <1%
Millenium <1%
ESP <1%
Essential <1%
Lightning <1%
Plastic Addicts <1%
Wham-O <1%
Yikun <1%

Innova holds a commanding lead with Discraft being the only other significant contender. Merging companies like Trilogy and the MVP/Axiom/Streamline narrows things a bit, but not much. Last year I chunked the companies together based on who was manufacturing what, but with Discmania shopping around their sourcing I’m no longer certain who’s making what nowadays.

4. What speed of disc was lost most frequently?

2 - 3%
3 - 3%
4 - 4%
5 - 9%
6 - 5%
7 - 5%
8 - 3%
9 - 13%
10 - 7%
11 - 7%
12 - 15%
13 - 20%
14 - 5%
15 <1%

Data was taken from Infinitediscs’s flight information for each disc. I know there’s occasionally discrepancies between them and the manufacturers but I figured it would be best to pull information from one source.

Top 5 lost speeds:
Speed 13 - 20%
Speed 12 - 15%
Speed 9 - 13 %
Speed 5 - 9%
Speed 10 and Speed 11 - 7%

Loss % By Type:
High Speed Drivers (11-14) – 47%
Fairway/Control Drivers (7-10) – 28%
Mids (4-6) – 18%
Putters (1-3) – 6%

As is tradition, the high speed drivers dominate the lost disc category. I’m looking forward to breaking the land and water data apart as nearly all of the water holes I find discs on are under 300’ from tee to basket but hey, people are going to throw what they’re going to throw. It’s also a bit of a nuisance that putters and mids are the least frequently lost but the most useful disc to give to new players. If y’all could start trying to emulate Lizotte with some unmarked putters on water hazards I’d appreciate it. If he can clear nearly 500’ of water, surely you can manage 250’, right? Go for it... cough

5. What color of disc was lost most frequently?

Blue - 18%
Red - 14%
Yellow - 13%
Orange - 12%
Pink - 11%
White - 10%
Black - 9%
Green - 8%
Tye Dye - 4%
Purple - 3%
Gray - 2%
Violet - 2%
Brown, Clear, Copper, Gold, and Peach each represented less than 1% of found discs.

From year to year, the color averages seem to change the most with the exception of blue being on top. One thing I noticed, however, is that I lump all blue discs together regardless of shade while most of the other colors have a “lighter” and “darker” version so that is likely bloating its numbers a bit. I’m not certain why I recorded them that way. Lord knows I got creative with plenty of other shades. For the purpose of simplicity, all discs marked “burgundy, wine, chartreuse, seafoam, turquoise” or any other oddball description got shoved into an arbitrarily “close enough” color category. Apparently some days I must feel poetic while recording these things.

6. What type of plastic was lost most frequently?

Premium Grippy "Star, ESP, Neutron, etc" - 40%
Premium Translucent "Champ, Opto, Z, etc" - 34%
Base - 14%
Pro - 5%
Flexible - 4%
Glow - 2%
Light - 2%

I lumped all the different plastic brands into “close enough” varieties. Flexy, glow, and lightweight discs all got dumped together regardless of what plastic variety they were built into.
I’m guessing a lot of folks thought base plastic would be the most common, but turns out it’s fairly rare in comparison to the premium plastics. I wonder if a lot of it gets retired into peoples’ garages and basements when they decide they like the game and upgrade. Those starter kits have to end up somewhere….

7. What molds were most commonly lost?
As is tradition, I’ll be listing these according to the total number found instead of %. Unfortunately there wasn’t a clean “break” point so I’ll just arbitrarily pick...double digits I guess.

Destroyer - 63
Boss - 26
Katana - 25
Valkyrie - 23
Beast - 20
Wraith - 20
Shryke - 19
Nuke SS - 18
Buzzz - 17
Nuke - 17
Teebird - 16
Firebird - 15
Sidewinder - 15
Leopard - 13
Tern - 13
Vulcan - 13
Sheriff - 12
Avenger SS - 11
Thrasher - 10
Crank - 10
Colossus - 10

Ah, Destroyers - I knew you were the disc we were finding the most of, and every year you prove me right by preposterous ratios. Actually, I’m a bit surprised to see so many Innovas firmly entrenched in the top 10. The list has definitely shifted through the years. Heck, the first year Drones (of all discs) made the top 5. I don’t think I’ve found one since….
Anecdotally, the Kong/Zeus/McBeth Driver just barely missed the list - it’s definitely trying hard to catch up. I have a sneaking suspicion it may actually have made the double digit list but I think two “Prototypes” got marked as Hades due to what the owners indicated they thought they were, but I’m not so sure they weren’t Zeuses. Eh, who knows - we’ll see it on the list next year I’m betting.
For the morbidly curious - there were 118 “Unicorn” discs, of which only one example of that given mold was found. Definitely not bitter about having to look up the flight numbers for every single stinking one of them….
A grand total of 271 different molds were found. 4 discs I was unable to identify - two oddball Innovas that had no markings and I just couldn’t figure out and 2 generic ones that probably came out of a Costco “Frolf” set or something.

And some stats for funsies….
Total discs I’ve found courses on: 23 out of 43 played - or 53% of courses played I’ve found a disc on.
Disc finding rate: 606 discs found over 503 rounds played = 1.2 discs a round
Note: I’ve removed the SCUBA discs from this but there were instances we went out just to wade instead of playing a course so this number is inflated a bit. We do find a lot of discs while playing - 2 or 3 isn’t all that weird. More if we have to go into the water to get one we lose ourselves. Also, this is not accounting for rounds played prior to U-Disc, but I wasn’t finding them at nearly the rate I do now. It’s accurate enough for a hipfire statistic. Most discs found in one day: 73 - SCUBA diving, two tanks of air

Average Discs Found on 1 Tank of Air - 25

u/mechanickzilla made a comment in a recent thread about lugging out a bunch of gear to a pond and searching for hours for 30 discs. It amused me because it sounded right. Turns out to be a pretty darn close estimate! A tank of air lasts roughly an hour. If I average out all SCUBA time it works out to be 25 discs per tank/hour in the water. I did refine my technique from early days and upped my efficiency quite a bit this year - turns out if I bring a salvage bag and don’t rise to toss discs to shore every time my hands were full I get a LOT more search time out of a tank and my average rises to 32 discs per tank, or about a disc every 2 minutes. There is some prep and cleanup time involved so I suppose strictly speaking the rate is lower if I want to account for the entire process instead of just time in the water.

Where discs are being found - 34% on one course, 48% on another, so 82% of discs were found on only two courses.

Most discs returned to one person - I’ve honestly lost count. I know he’s up to 12 or 15 and that’s a conservative estimate.

Most frequently found disc - A blue teebird we’ve returned 4 times. Haven’t seen the previous champion blue Rogue for quite some time. I’ll have to ask the owner what happened to it.

Find anything else interesting?
A half dozen vape pens, a jar of marijuana, 8 golf clubs, hundreds of golf balls, 4 golden retrievers (the disc retriever, not the dog), 3 sunglasses, a couple of cell phones, 3 unopened beers, a couple of rakes, untold millions of towels, a bluetooth speaker, 3 sets of car keys, 1 pair of kid-sized glasses, 5 bicycles, and a rifle case.

About Location
Location turned out to be a bit trickier to classify than I thought and I’ve changed and reclassified things several times now. For a while it was just woods and water, but that really didn’t do a good job of describing finding something on shore or in a basket. Here’s what I ended up with:
Brush - anything not mowed without trees. Includes briars, bushes, and long grass. You’ll notice there are not a lot of these - that’s because I HATE walking through these areas and avoid them. A lot of the ones we found in this condition were there because we were looking for one of our own or we were cleaning up the course and happened to stumble across one while brushwhacking or something. Seriously, long grass is the WORST to look through. I feel for those of you that fight with it and really, really appreciate the courses that cut search paths through it.
Marsh - the swampy, mucky crap that disc golf courses love to get built on because what else are you going to do with the land? Not quite enough to be able to submerge your disc, but plenty soggy enough that you’ll ruin a pair of shoes trying to walk through it. A lot of shore finds were reclassified to this.
Fairway - anything mowed. I’m always surprised at how many discs we find on the fairway. I suspect some of them are blown down from being stuck in trees. Others are no doubt forgotten. A few are probably bad throws that rolled to someplace ridiculous. A lot of times we get these back to groups actively on the course, but a surprising amount of times we don’t.
I think the rest are pretty self-explanatory.

Why? Just...why?
Nearly 1000 entries is a lot to monkey with (believe me, I entered every damned one of them - many of them two or three times as I revised and improved my organization). The data collection started more or less by accident. My buddy and I were playing nearly daily and we were stumbling across a steady stream of discs. We speculated about what disc we were finding the most of (there were three or four reasonable contenders) but really didn’t have firm answers, just hazy recollections and some finger counting.
In an attempt to answer our whimsically discussed question, I dug through my storage bin and counted. That left me with some numbers, but not the whole picture. I realized that there were quite a few discs that we’d returned, given away, or sold over the year prior. Fortunately, I had been in the habit of texting numbers to try and return discs and we both tended to take pictures if we found something on the course to show our friends. I had also started a disc golf journal I was keeping on Google Calendar and, for whatever reason, had been noting when we found a disc on the course. Between that documentation and memory (there were less than a hundred or so discs at the time, so it was easy to remember where I had found a given disc) I was able to put together a fairly decent, but somewhat incomplete, starting point for data. Sometimes data was missing, like color or plastic, but it was something to work with.
I did what I could to keep the data “true” and no doubt neglected to account for some discs simply because I didn’t have documentation for them. I guarantee, for example, some discs were found on the course that were left by the group ahead of us and returned nearly immediately that did not get recorded. I also didn’t record discs lost and found from my own party. When in doubt, I left it out. It means some of my numbers are a bit different from one category to another as well. For example, I may have had documentation on the mold found, but not its color. As I collected the data and put them into an actual spreadsheet (Let me assure you, tracking data in Google Calendar is...not recommended) I realized there was certain data I wanted and began making a concentrated effort to keep track of it. There’s still mistakes and omissions, no doubt, but it should be pretty darn solid.
Is the data good for anything? Hard to say. It’s a significant data pool, but the questions that can be asked of it are not always clear. The reason we find so many Innova discs, for example, is probably not because they are more prone to being lost than other brands, but rather that they are more popular and more thrown, and thus more likely to be lost and found.
Color becomes more tricky - am I finding a lot of blue discs because they are more popular or are they easier to see and thus be found? Discs found with SCUBA are usually felt rather than seen, is there a difference between colors found on land and water?
Finding trends may also be possible. It’s possible to isolate discs found by park per year they were found (heck, down to the date if need be) so perhaps we can find changes from year to year in a given location. It’s something I plan to dig into and post about from time to time.
One area I could use some advice on is classifying discs by stability. The spreadsheet currently includes Speed, Turn, and Fade numbers along with quantity. For each mold of disc. I had planned on identifying discs on stable/neutral/understable but those definitions are not particularly clear. If anybody has thoughts on how this could be organized I’d love to hear them. Right now I’m looking at maybe displacement from 0 or something but I have a hard time calling a -2/2 disc like a Valk “Neutral”. I suppose I could break them down strictly by the listed fade/turn numbers. Shouldn’t be more than a dozen combinations.
Anyway, I suppose there is no “why” other than curiosity and a desire to contribute to the community. I think it’s interesting so I’m posting it. Not going to lie, I like seeing if it’s enough to earn a “Quality Post” tag as well. As bad as a kid with a sticker chart, I swear.
Feel free to ask questions - I do plan on breaking down data by year, location, and stability (once I figure out how to organize it) so there will likely be a few extra posts this year.

[Q] Relationship between Confidence Intervals and P-values

BCRX 22% Short squeeze, it's fucking real, loaded, and the margin calls are beginning today.

Jeepers, thats a lot of notes

** *EPISODE 1- Filmed before a Live studio audience- -Some differences to the Marvel logo: the Ironman character that appears before Hulk is now gray. Captain America also seems to be gray, but slowly gains color. Dr Strange is now featured performing the multi-arm magic trick from "Infinity War". Visible at the 0:22 mark.
-We know as fans that whoever is in control of the "WandaVision" show also controls the aspect ratio and colorization. As the Marvel logo is finishing up, it interestingly turns gray and the aspect ratio changes. Does this mean whoever is in charge, is in charge of EVERYTHING WE see?

Wanda accidentally hits Vision on the head with a plate and says "My husband and his indestructible head." Clearly a callback when Thanos answered the popular question "Is Vision's head indestructible?"(1:54)

-Vision states he is "incapable of forgetfulness and remembers everything." Vision states that he is incapable of exaggeration. In episode 5, Vision confesses to Wanda that he actually does not remember his life outside of Westview. So Vision does not actually remember everything and is very capable of exaggeration.

Date marked on the calendar is August 23, which in European format would read "238". Avengers #238, is a story that centers around speeding up Vision's recovery.
Mr. Hart mentions the dinner to Vision, who is "incapable of forgetfulness", and Vision magically remembers dinner with the Harts. Is the person in control of the broadcast also In control of Vision and using him to communicate with Wanda?

-Wanda's conversation with Vision at the (9:07) mark. She tells Vision she had "everything under control", Wanda makes sure to look at Agnes the moment she says this line. Is Agnes the one in control of the broadcast?

Wanda, who is supposed to be in total control of everything (I will be saying this a lot in this post), accidentally confused Mr.Hart for Vision.

-Agnes seems overly dedicated to playing her role. What is she not telling us?
-Wanda's pet nickname to Vision is "Diane", and Vision's pet name to Wanda is "Fred". I will bring this point back up in episode 2
-Again, Wanda follows Agnes by doing everything she told her to do. Wanda attempts to recite statistics on the death of single men, and purposelessly falls down in order for Mr.Hart to catch her. So we know, already, at a minimum Agnes is very influential to Wanda.
-For some reason , after opens the front door and Agnes hands her a pineapple, Mr. Hart asks "Who was that?", with Wands claiming she was "a salesman", and Vision claiming she is "a telegram" and "A man selling telegrams." Why lie? Why not just say it was your neighbor?

Ms. Hart asks Wanda "How long have you been married? And why don't you have children yet?" (Starting at the 18:03 mark). Whoever is in charge of the broadcast clearly has control of the subjects within "Westview" and clearly uses these characters to manipulate Wanda. Wanda seems genuinely surprised about the question. For about 6-7 seconds Wanda does not say a word and even looks directly into the camera. Wanda has troubles remembering where she lived at before Westview, and when she "supposedly" married Vision.
At the 18:50 mark Mr.Hart becomes angry at Wanda and Vision for not knowing their own history. He gets angrier, and before he is able to finish his next question he starts choking. "Ms.Hart" tells Arthur to "Stop it" as if he was faking choking, but it becomes disturbingly obvious she is saying "Stop it" as a cry for help. Mr.Hart choking starts at the 18: 56 mark and Wanda finally asks Vision to help after 40 or so seconds. The choking hazard is removed at the 19:41 mark. So basically Wanda and Vision sat there for over 40 seconds while Mr.Hart was choking and his wife pleading "Stop it" approximately 13 times. Very possible whoever is in charge of the broadcast wanted to censor Mr. Hart.

This episode was directed by "Abe Brown" who " In the comics, specifically Earth-58613, In the House of M reality, Abe Brown was a member of Luke Cages Human resistance Movement".

*** Episode 2- Don't touch that dial - Beginning of the episode Wanda and Vision are preparing for a talent show

Vision " Ladies and gentleman, for my final trick, I bring to you the Cabinet of Mysteries" Wanda: You said " Cabinet of Mysteries? Vision: I said " The Cabinet of Mysteries"
Wanda then rolls out the "Cabinet of Mysteries, with also features a hexigon shape on the front. Vision then asks Wands if any of the other talent show acts have " such eleborate props" which I find strange because it is just a box. Vision is not the type to find a box "eleborate"

-Wanda replies with a seemingly innocent joke "Are you kidding? Fred and Linda are building a moat and a fully functioning portcullis and no-one even knows why" If Wanda was 100% in control then she is doing a genius job hiding it. Why did Vision have to remind Wanda of her que in regards to the cabinet of mysteries. Why does no one know about Fred and Linda's moat and portcullis? What is going on here?
-Right after Vision leaves, Wanda appears to be cleaning and maintaining her home. All of a sudden we hear a drum sound (disney+ subtitles did not have subtitles for the drum sounds, but it did have "thudding" as Wanda patted down some pillows) There are no subtitles explaining the drum sound.
-Wanda goes outside and discovers the color S.W.O.R.D drone. Wanda is clearly confused and does not understand the origin if the drone ( which is not the same drone Monica flew in during Episode 3. Jimmy Woo later states it could have been production design.)
-Also regarding the helicopter drone scene, it appears while Wanda is seemingly hypnotized by the helicopter, the front of her house changes design, specifically the lawn area and fences appearing that was not there before. Wanda even gets a feeling and looks over at either the 2nd floor of her house, or Agnes' home. I cannot exactly tell by the shot. However SOMETHING told Wanda to look at that direction....
-...All of a sudden Agnes pops up and says " Look, it's the star if the show!". Some think this was Wanda imagining Agnes saying this, but I seriously doubt this. Agnes seems aware that there is a "show" and is doing everything in her power to make Wanda FEEL as if she in in CONTROL.
-As Wanda walks back inside to put away Agnes' bunny (who starred as baby Jesus in a play), Dennis the mailman is walking down the sidewall and has seemingly friendly banter with Agnes. Agnes:"Oh morning Dennis". Dennis:" Morning Agnes" Agnes: "Stick 'em up ( making fake guns with hands) Dennis:"Don't shoot im just a messenger"

While walking to Dottie's house for lunch, Agnes gives Wanda some "advice". Agnes paints Dottie as the key to everything in Westview. Agnes tried to tell Wanda how to act. Wanda replies with "Or maybe I could just be myself? More or less". Agnes looks at Wands, in disgust, for about 3 seconds of awkward silence and then replies " Oh Wanda, thats good." Agnes quite literally laughed at Wanda' s face. Wanda and Vision supposedly just recently moved to Westview as a new wed couple not too long ago, allegedly. Why would Agnes just laugh at Wanda unless she knew who Wanda who Wanda was and the issues she was dealing with. While Agnes is "(Laughing)", Wanda "(Chuckles nervously"). For some reason Wanda cannot, or WILL NOT, question anything Agnes says or does. As I type this out I am starting to realize there is a possibility that Wanda has ABSOLUTELY gone crazy and Agnes may possibly be a hallucination. Thats why this is such a great show. I have watched every episode several times over, wrote pages of notes, spent more time than I like working on this post, and I am still not 100% sure what is going on.

-Agnes claims Dottie's flower bloom under the penalty of death
-At the lunch, or whatever it is, Wanda is trying to copy what Dottie is doing in terms of etiquette. She is clearly following Agnes' orders. Wanda was actually visually surprised over Dottie's hostile behavior towards Bev. Dottie states "The devil' s in the detail, Bev." Agnes then tells Wanda "That's not the only place he is." Agnes could just be joking, which is always how Wanda perceives it. Or Wanda may just be cray-cray

During the lunch Dottie describes the talent show as the "sole fundraiser for Westview Elementary. In the eight years since I founded our little club, this event has gotten bigger and better every season." Very interesting statement. She clearly stated it started 8 years ago, and gets bigger and better "every season". Is Dottie referencing at seasons of the weather or seasons of a television show? Is it a "sole fundraiser" or SOUL FUNDRAISER?
Dottie claims she started her club 8 years ago. WandaVison takes place in 2023. That means Dottie started her club in 2015. Which MCU movie takes place and came out in 2015? Avengers: Age of Ultron
Dottie:"All of this for the children". All of the women chant "For the Children" in a creepy and cult-like way. Wanda, who is supposed to be in charge of everything, was not even aware she was supposed to say "for the children"

-Monica ( as Geraldine) tells Wanda "I actually don't know what I'm doing here", which is very telling since we, as the audience, know how Monica entered "Westview", or do we?. Wanda answers "I"m starting to feel that way myself. "
-Vision attempts to partake in the neighborhood watch meeting, but before he does, the subtitles captured a little bit of Herb's and Norm's conversation. They are very clearly talking about the other side of something. "Lets say Green" Norm:"Yeah, I mean the other side could be dirt."
-The group of guys, especially Herb, are clearly aware of what is going on in Westview. Herb refers to Visions concerns of police presence as "protocols and nonsense."
-Vision is handed a piece of gum, a possible attempt at maybe making him malfunction?
-Later in the episode, Wanda is attempting to bond with Dottie who tells Wanda "I've heard things about you. You and your husband." Wanda tells Dottie she does not mean any harm. Dottie replies "I don't believe you", followed by Johney Woo's radio interference..

The events, we as the audience, see is different than the broadcast Darcy watched in episode 4. The broadcast Darcy watched censored the closeup of the radio, Dottie asking Wanda "Who are you" followed by Wanda' s fixture to the radio. Johney Woo asks Wanda " Who' s doing this to you Wanda?"

-After Dottie cuts her hand on broken glass her blood is in color. Tells Wanda that a housewife gets blood stains out of white linen by doing it herself. How often is Dottie cleaning white linen soaked with blood? Is it related to the "sole" (or soul) fundraiser for Westview elementary? Later, in episode 5, Vision expresses concerns to Wanda about there being no children in Westview.
-At the "Talent show for the children", Wanda is concerned because she has no idea where Vision is. "I dont know where he could be"' says Wanda. How is Wanda the one controlling Vision? She clearly does not know where he is. Vision appears and was very clearly within earshot the entire time! Wanda even tries to explain the situation with Dottie and the toy helicopter outside her home, but Vision is too cross-faded on dat Big Red to give proper assistance.
-Wanda "Listen something STRANGE happened with Dottie. Well, something STRANGE happened before that too" timestamp 18:06
-Vision, clearly not-controlled by Wanda, tells the audience " Today, we will lie to you and yet you will believe our little deceptions because HUMAN BEINGS are easily fooled due to their limited understanding of the inner workings of the universe."
-After Vision does the trick where he pulls the hat thru himself, Wanda introduced mirrors as a way to confuse the audience into believing " something.". When Bev questioned " Is that how mirrors work?", Dottie replies with "Shut up, Bev". One of my working theories is Bev is actually Meg from family guy but I will save that for another post. /s
-Either Dottie just really does not like Bev, or Dottie is preventing Bev, or anyone, from using logic when thinking.
-Vision and Wanda introduce the "Cabinet of Mysteries" which leads Agnes to ask "Are you sure you don't want an audience volunteer named "My husband Ralph?". Who is Ralph and why have we not seen him after 5 episodes?? My other-other working theory is Ralph is Meg from Family guy but I will save that for another post.

Vision forgets that Wanda was supposed to be inside the "Cabinet of Mysteries". As Dottie looks on with a very weird vibe, the entire crowd begins to chant " What's in the box?". Wanda uses her magic to transport Monica inside the box. Very odd sequence of events.

Confidence Intervals, P-values, and Statistical Significance

TL;DR: Vegan Gains is incorrect. All cause mortality risks relative to regular meat eaters for low meat eaters, fish eaters, and vegetarians/vegans aren't different. The authors didn't contradict themselves or get the data wrong (shocking), it's just that Destiny and Vegan Gains didn't clearly state and understand the null hypothesis in question.
Context: Vegan Gains was debating Destiny and cited Mortality in vegetarians and comparable nonvegetarians in the United Kingdom to demonstrate that simply reducing meat intake isn't enough - to significantly reduce all cause mortality, you have to be vegan. Destiny noted that the following sentence that seemed to contradict Vegan Gains:

When we excluded data for participants known to have changed diet group at least once during follow-up, leaving data for 4270 deaths before age 90, there was no significant difference in risk between diet groups for all causes of death combined, as follows: low meat eaters, HR: 0.93 (95% CI: 0.85, 1.02); fish eaters, HR: 0.91 (95% CI: 0.81, 1.02); and vegetarians and vegans, HR: 0.92 (95% CI: 0.84, 0.99) compared with regular meat eaters; P-heterogeneity = 0.13

Vegan Gains stated he doesn't care what the authors said in the paper - what matters are the numbers. And the numbers clearly show that the confidence intervals for the hazard ratio of the vegetarian/vegan group don't cross the null (i.e. don't contain 1, as it ranges from 0.84 to 0.99); thus, there is a significant difference. So who is right here?
Definitions: skip if you already know
Hazard Ratio: basically rate of death in one group as compared to another group. In this study, reported hazard ratios are rate of death of one of the 3 diet groups as compared to regular meat eaters. For example, if I have a hazard ratio of 5 for fish eaters, that means they die at a rate 5 times that of regular meat eaters (which would be bad for fish eaters). A hazard ratio of 1 or close to 1 would mean similar rates (i.e. not much of a difference in death rates). An HR beneath 1 would be good for that diet (they die less).
P-value: the probability that (assuming the null hypothesis is correct) you'd see results at least as extreme as the ones you observed if you performed the same analysis again. For example, if I do an analysis to see what the correlation is between basketball players and height, we could say my null hypothesis is r=0 (there's no correlation). Let's say I find an 85% correlation, and the p-value is 0.0000001%. That means that, if the null hypothesis is true (there's no correlation), there'd be a 0.0000001% chance of observing results at least as extreme as an 85% correlation. In other words, that's super unlikely so we can reject the null (we reject the idea that there's no correlation). In this example, we're talking about p-values for correlation. We can also make p-values for hazard ratios.
95% Confidence Interval: basic idea is to think of it as a range of values that hopefully captures our parameter that we care about. I.E. let's say I am about to calculate a 95% confidence interval for the average weight of women. That interval will have a 95% chance of including the true average weight of women (and if we calculate it, it might come out to be like 160-180 pounds for example). In this example, we're talking about confidence intervals for average weight. We can make confidence intervals for hazard ratios as well.
Can confidence intervals tell you significance by "crossing the null"? Yes:
There's another interpretation of confidence intervals that allows you to determine statistical significance, since the p-value and the confidence interval are actually mathematically linked to one another (don't need to know how, just know they are). If the confidence interval includes your null hypothesis value, you cannot reject the null hypothesis. If it doesn't include your null hypothesis value, you can reject the null hypothesis. Further, your p-value should agree with the result from the confidence interval (i.e. a confidence interval that crosses the null means we should have a non-significant p-value). Likewise, if your p-value is significant, you will necessarily see that your confidence interval doesn't include the null. I don't know why the people Destiny brought on were saying you can't use confidence intervals to assess significance. Regardless, in this case, Vegan Gains is claiming that the null hypothesis is a hazard ratio of 1 (i.e. vegetarians/vegans have the same rate of death as regular meat eaters). If the confidence interval encompasses that (e.g. 0.8-1.2), we see no significant difference. Finally, that leads us to this ...
Explaining the discrepancy: Is VG right? No.
So isn't Vegan Gains right? After all, 0.82-0.99 doesn't include 1. Well, there's a problem. They actually calculated a p-value for us in the part I quoted. A p-value of 0.13. That p-value isn't significant at the 0.05 significance threshold (which is what we're using given 95% confidence intervals). How can this be? I just said that the confidence interval and p-value need to agree when it comes to determining significance. There's only one solution: the null hypothesis isn't that the HR = 1.
The discrepancy is that the authors wanted to know how the hazard ratios relative to regular meat eaters of each of the diet groups compared to each other (low meat, fish eaters, and vegetarians/vegans). When you do that statistical test, you find none of them are significantly different (P=0.13). Basically, the hazard ratio for low meat eaters isn't significantly different from the hazard ratio of vegan/vegetarians. The null hypothesis in this case would be that the HR for low meat = HR for fish eaters = HR for vegetarians/vegans. Since we fail to reject, we have failed to detect a statistically significant difference of the death rates (relative to regular meat eating) across the three diets.
Vegan Gains is looking at which of the 3 diets are significantly different from regular meat eaters by looking at their confidence intervals. The null hypothesis in this case would be 3 separate ones for each diet (e.g. HR for vegans/vegetarians = 1; HR for fish eaters = 1; HR for low meat eaters = 1). I think the problem here is that a proper analysis would require a correction for multiple tests, since you're doing 3 separate tests, and VG hasn't done this, so to claim that this data shows that only being vegan/vegetarian is sufficient to reduce all-cause mortality isn't the case.
What if we separate vegetarians and vegans? Maybe those cheese-breathers are dragging us down.
The authors did this. Results for vegans were: HR: 1.14 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.35). Not significantly different from any of the other diet groups. Confidence interval crosses 1. The analysis goes in detail about various causes of death and how vegans compare to regular meat eaters. I didn't read the whole study. Just thought it was worth pointing out.
If I got anything wrong, please correct me, and I'll update the post accordingly.

Baba Yaga- The Child eater- my notes (updated post)

VERY LONG DETAILED POST Non-Mephesto theory. Everyone is talking about him and he has never been mentioned in the MCU. While Baba Yaga, the child eater, who actually appears in Marvel comics and mentioned in Ant-Man and the Wasp, hasn't been. So I just spent a boatload of hours rewatching WandaVision, taking countless notes, as comprehensive as I can. These are notes stretching the first 5 episodes that carefully lists moments Wanda was clearly never "In control of Westview", moments Vision held information Wanda did not know, and overall odd moments. My main focus here was to stick with the facts and just note every weird occurrence in the show, and how these moments either made Wanda look innocent or not innocent. My main conclusion, after hours of painless analysis, is that the city of Westville DOES NOT exist. There is an outer hexigon outside of westville anomaly which I believe is creating the "broadcast" we, the audience of Earth, watch on Disney+. This outer hexigon, I believe, is controlling Jimmy Woo, Darcy, Monica, Monica etc the way THEY believe is being done to the "people" of " Westville". "WandaVision" is a fake alternate reality masquerading as a sitcom inside of ANOTHER fake reality masquerading as a Marvel TV series filmed in 2020. Sitcomception.To the people in the outer hexigon, the inner hexigon is clearly the fake reality, so they have yet to question their reality. We never watched S.W.O.R.D set up camp. They were just there. How often do we see chracters leave Westview? How often do we see hexigons inside Westview? How often do we see characters leave the the area outside of Westview? Do we also see hexigon shapes outside Westview? It is clear that the true villain of the show, is either Agnes, Loki, or Tyler Hayward. Below I will divide my notes for the first 4 (some notes on 5) "WandaVision" episodes. Let me know what you think below!! Lets begin...
***EPISODE 1- Filmed before a Live studio audience- -Some differences to the Marvel logo: the Ironman character that appears before Hulk is now gray. Captain America also seems to be gray, but slowly gains color. Dr Strange is now featured performing the multi-arm magic trick from "Infinity War". Visible at the 0:22 mark.
-We know as fans that whoever is in control of the "WandaVision" show also controls the aspect ratio and colorization. As the Marvel logo is finishing up, it interestingly turns gray and the aspect ratio changes. Does this mean whoever is in charge, is in charge of EVERYTHING WE see?

Wanda accidentally hits Vision on the head with a plate and says "My husband and his indestructible head." Clearly a callback when Thanos answered the popular question "Is Vision's head indestructible?"(1:54)

Date marked on the calendar is August 23, which in European format would read "238". Avengers #238, is a story that centers around speeding up Vision's recovery.
Mr. Hart mentions the dinner to Vision, who is "incapable of forgetfulness", and Vision magically remembers dinner with the Harts. Is the person in control of the broadcast also In control of Vision and using him to communicate with Wanda?

Wanda, who is supposed to be in total control of everything (I will be saying this a lot in this post), accidentally confused Mr.Hart for Vision.

Ms. Hart asks Wanda "How long have you been married? And why don't you have children yet?" (Starting at the 18:03 mark). Whoever is in charge of the broadcast clearly has control of the subjects within "Westview" and clearly uses these characters to manipulate Wanda. Wanda seems genuinely surprised about the question. For about 6-7 seconds Wanda does not say a word and even looks directly into the camera. Wanda has troubles remembering where she lived at before Westview, and when she "supposedly" married Vision.
At the 18:50 mark Mr.Hart becomes angry at Wanda and Vision for not knowing their own history. He gets angrier, and before he is able to finish his next question he starts choking. "Ms.Hart" tells Arthur to "Stop it" as if he was faking choking, but it becomes disturbingly obvious she is saying "Stop it" as a cry for help. Mr.Hart choking starts at the 18: 56 mark and Wanda finally asks Vision to help after 40 or so seconds. The choking hazard is removed at the 19:41 mark. So basically Wanda and Vision sat there for over 40 seconds while Mr.Hart was choking and his wife pleading "Stop it" approximately 13 times. Very possible whoever is in charge of the broadcast wanted to censor Mr. Hart.

-In regards to Ms.Hart saying "Stop it" 13 times, which can be a coincidence, or a reference to Marvel Super-heroes #13, which was Captain Marvel Carol Danvers first ever appearance. Stretch? Yeah most likely.
-The episode ends with Vision pulling out a remote and turning off the TV himself, while a hexigon shape surrounds him and Wanda.
Episode 1 credits- Produced by Babs Digby, Directed by Abe Brown, written for television by Leonard Hooper, Director of photography- Pamela Brewster, Music director Sammy Addison
-I do not have the time to google every single person on the credits, for every episode, because I am trying to solely base my notes on details found IN SHOW, not the internet. The MCU has always used certain elements from comic book stories (House of M for WandaVision, for example) without following the comic exactly.

This episode was directed by "Abe Brown" who " In the comics, specifically Earth-58613, In the House of M reality, Abe Brown was a member of Luke Cages Human resistance Movement".

*** Episode 2- Don't touch that dial - Beginning of the episode Wanda and Vision are preparing for a talent show

Vision " Ladies and gentleman, for my final trick, I bring to you the Cabinet of Mysteries" Wanda: You said " Cabinet of Mysteries? Vision: I said " The Cabinet of Mysteries"
Wanda then rolls out the "Cabinet of Mysteries, with also features a hexigon shape on the front. Vision then asks Wands if any of the other talent show acts have " such eleborate props" which I find strange because it is just a box. Vision is not the type to find a box "eleborate"

While walking to Dottie's house for lunch, Agnes gives Wanda some "advice". Agnes paints Dottie as the key to everything in Westview. Agnes tried to tell Wanda how to act. Wanda replies with "Or maybe I could just be myself? More or less". Agnes looks at Wands, in disgust, for about 3 seconds of awkward silence and then replies " Oh Wanda, thats good." Agnes quite literally laughed at Wanda' s face. Wanda and Vision supposedly just recently moved to Westview as a new wed couple not too long ago, allegedly. Why would Agnes just laugh at Wanda unless she knew who Wanda who Wanda was and the issues she was dealing with. While Agnes is "(Laughing)", Wanda "(Chuckles nervously"). For some reason Wanda cannot, or WILL NOT, question anything Agnes says or does. As I type this out I am starting to realize there is a possibility that Wanda has ABSOLUTELY gone crazy and Agnes may possibly be a hallucination. Thats why this is such a great show. I have watched every episode several times over, wrote pages of notes, spent more time than I like working on this post, and I am still not 100% sure what is going on.

During the lunch Dottie describes the talent show as the "sole fundraiser for Westview Elementary. In the eight years since I founded our little club, this event has gotten bigger and better every season." Very interesting statement. She clearly stated it started 8 years ago, and gets bigger and better "every season". Is Dottie referencing at seasons of the weather or seasons of a television show? Is it a "sole fundraiser" or SOUL FUNDRAISER?
Dottie claims she started her club 8 years ago. WandaVison takes place in 2023. That means Dottie started her club in 2015. Which MCU movie takes place and came out in 2015? Avengers: Age of Ultron
Dottie:"All of this for the children". All of the women chant "For the Children" in a creepy and cult-like way. Wanda, who is supposed to be in charge of everything, was not even aware she was supposed to say "for the children"

The events, we as the audience, see is different than the broadcast Darcy watched in episode 4. The broadcast Darcy watched censored the closeup of the radio, Dottie asking Wanda "Who are you" followed by Wanda' s fixture to the radio. Johney Woo asks Wanda " Who' s doing this to you Wanda?"

Vision forgets that Wanda was supposed to be inside the "Cabinet of Mysteries". As Dottie looks on with a very weird vibe, the entire crowd begins to chant " What's in the box?". Wanda uses her magic to transport Monica inside the box. Very odd sequence of events.

-At the end of episode 2, Wanda and Vision tell each other "For the children" and then all of a sudden Wanda is pregnant. Wanda and Vision then go outside to investigate a noise and discover a beekeeper with a hexigon on his uniform. Wanda says "no" and the broadcast rewinds.
-The episode ends with us hearing Jimmy Woo's broadcast attempt "Wanda, who's doing this to you, Wanda?" So either someone is actually controlling Wanda, or the person in control of the broadcast wants US to believe that someone is controlling Wanda.
***Episode 3- Now in Color
-At the 5:30 mark Wanda describes the kicking as a "strange sensation." Only reason I'm including this is because she said the word "strange". Deal with it. She also explains it as "kind of fluttery" and "accidentally" turns decorative butterflies to life. "Oh did I do that? I didnt mean to," says Wanda (who is supposed to be in total control. Maybe she is unraveling? Absolutely losing her mind and all grips with reality?)
-Vision decides he wants to name the son Billy, and Wanda wants to name him Tommy. The entity in charge of the broadcast decided "Why not 2 children? More children to harvest souls from. Every child has solely one soul. S̷̮̜͊̍O̸͓̬̓̿̋̃U̴̫͊L̸̼̺̲̓̆͠ ̵̪͎͋Ö̴̗̹̦̼̀̎̿͘N̸̬͂̈́̀̏͝ ̸̨̗͔̺̃Ḋ̷̨̘̿̚I̵̜̲̬̖͆̅S̸͇͉̯̣̈́̓̈́N̴̝̖̘̟̉͝Ë̷̹̰̝̠͌͆͠Y̷̨̗͚͐̂̓Ṕ̴̝͎̟͔̐̈̈́͝L̸̛̼̥̾̀U̶̥͍̽͠S̴̭̞̥̾͊͊̏̇
-At the 7:06 mark Wanda begins to feel pain. "Its not painful, but it's, strange." The 2nd time under 2 minutes Wanda describes her pregnancy as feeling "strange."
-If you have made it this far into this post I should not have to explain that "WandaVision" (our WandaVision that we view in real life, produced by Kevin Feige, etc. Where comics are fiction and "Earth-1218" is fiction) confirmed leads into "Dr. Strange and the Multiverse of Madness." Which also stars Elizabeth Olsen. Its an interesting decision by the show creators to use that specific adjective. 0% chance that its consequential.
-Wanda experiences more pain due to her pregnancy that the power is knocked out for the entire block. At the 8:06 mark Dottie is shown asking her husband, Phil Jones, if a certain pair of earings made her look fat. The power then goes off. Phil then says "Oh thank God." So two episodes in a row where characters have mentioned the "Devil" and " God". There are other theories regarding the devil in Marvel, but his name has never been mentioned, and Im trying to create theories based on what I am watching ON SCREEN.
-Wanda at the 8:28 mark (TO VISION) "Do you think they know it's my fault?" (regarding the power outage) Vision:"Our neighbors?" Wanda:"Well,yes, with all the close calls we've been having, it seems the people of Westview, are always on the verge of discovering our secret." Vision:(PAUSE) "Yes, I know what you mean. But its more than that, isn't it? Mr. And Mrs. Hart, dinner. Outside with Herb." At the 8:58 mark Vision looks directly at the camera, "I think something's wrong here, Wanda."
-The look I would describe Wands giving Vision here is "fearful". The broadcast then rewinds to the moment Vision says "Yes, I know what you mean."
-at the 11:48 mark Vision superspeeds out of the house, without changing into his human form. He left in a rush because he has to find the doctor to help Wanda. This entire episode is a weird one for Vision, because in episode 5 he was very upset when Wanda used magic in front of Agnes, breaking their own rules. In this episode he egregiously breaks his own rules.
-Another example if Wanda not having total control, is her dealing with the stork at her house at the 13:47 mark. Wanda attempts several times to use her magic powers to make the stork disappear with no success.
-At the 16:46 mark Vision picks up his doctor, and in front of the doctors wife, gives the doctor the piggyback ride I always wanted my father to give me as a child.
-Monica delivers one child and when Vision arrived back at the house he ends up helping delivering the 2nd unexpected twin. The broadcast version Darcy views in Episode 4 is different than episode 3. In episode 4 it was Monica that delivered BOTH children. In episode 5 Monica also tells Wanda she helped her deliver her babies.
-Outside, Vision's doctor explains he possibly will not be vacationing. "I don't think we'll get away after all. Small towns, you know. So hard to...(pause) Escape." The laugh track after this line is absolutely surreal.
-We then clearly hear Agnes speaking to Herb. Agnes seems especially interested in who Geraldine/Monica is. Beginning at the 20:33 mark Agnes:(Whispers) What is she doing in there? Herb:"I dont know" Agnes:"Did you see her go inside? Herb:(Whispers)She went right in. Agnes:(Whispers)"and her tummy was...Did Geraldine...
-At 21:06 it starts to get juicy. Remember Agnes, back in episode 1 (ep.1 at the 13:40 mark) "Many hands make light work, and many mouths make good gossip." The lady spreads gossip as a tactic.
-At the 21:27 mark Wanda references her real life outside Westview. "I'm a twin. I had a brother. His name wad Pietro." I believe Wanda speaking of the real world helped Monica snap back and ask Wanda "He was killed by Ultron, wasn't he?"
-Obviously Herb wanted to tell Vision "because we are all fake" but Agnes stops him.
-Inside, Monica senses Wanda is starting to realize who she actually. Wanda yeets her out of Westview and back into her "reality".
-At the very moment Wanda sends Monica away, at the 24:08 mark, the camera cuts to Agnes looking at Herb, who then completely changes her attitude and tone. Says a couple jokes and rides off on her bike. Was Agnes aware of what was going on inside the house?
-Herb then tells Vision "Catch you on the flip side, Vision." Dictionary.com defines "Flip-side" as "an opposite, reverse, or sharply contrasted side or aspect of something or someone" Was Herb trying to send Vision a warning?
-When Vision asks Wanda "Where's Geraldine?" Wanda replies with "Oh she left honey. She had to rush home." After that line, starting at the 24:50 mark, Wanda really starts to appear like someone dealing with some serious mental illness. The moment she says "Hmmmm" at 24:53, the aspect ratio begins to fade.
-The episode ends with Monica, after getting blasted thru an entire house, and tossed from a high distance into her reality, lands pretty hard and yet does not seem so suffer any real injuries. In fact in episode 5(9:03 mark), the CAT scan machine does not seem to be working. The results came in blank.When Darcy asks the nurse to check Monica"s lab result, the nurse says "I need another blood draw." Monica chuckles and basically says "nah im out" with zero repercussion. Like....what? Its clear that we are dealing with an alternate timeline inside of another alternate timeline. Even Herb back episode two theorized this. "Lets say Green" Norm:"Yeah, I mean the other side could be dirt." Would you rather live in a peaceful suburban reality, or a reality where every day is about stopping supernatural threats?
I am going to leave the rest of the episodes for a future updated post. I think I may have my my point clear here. There have been several callbacks to Age of Ultron. On top of that Disney+ will recommend watching Age of Ultron after episodes because the execs know that movie is imperative for truly understanding this show, and what is to come. We know Pietro comes back at the end of Episode 5, recasted as the Pietro from X-men, played by Evan Peters. Thus confirming the multiverse (thanks to Disney-Fox purchase). While Darcy was watching that clip of Pietro and even had to time to say "She recast Pietro.", behind her it seems like the S.W.O.R.D facility was dealing with an emergency. If my theory is correct, then they have received some unexpected guests from another reality. Loki? The creators can decide when the "Loki" MCU show exist. Jimmy Woo has said "So you're saying the universe created a sitcom starring two Avengers?" If my theory is that there is a Suburban sitcom reality existing inside of a detective modern day show reality, then yes, his reality's universe DID create a show starring two Avengers. I believe that the show we are watching takes place in Earth-1218, which is OUR EARTH, the one reality where Superheroes do not exist and only exist as comics and movies. I believe Randall Park, Kat Dennings, and Teyonah Paris are stuck in a reality and casted as Detective Jimmy Woo, Darcy Williams, and Monica Rambeau. Just like how the subjects in Westville are being controlled, they too are being controlled. Even as I watch it again its almost obvious at this point. This explains why those police officers were seemingly under mind control. Who is Tyler Hayward really? Is he a real, good man stuck in this detective show reality? Or is he something more sinister. There are moments like episode 4 time 16:41 where he will ask for a transport to headquarters, his henchmen will give his some strange look, and then we never actually see them go anywhere. Even if you look at the map of the "Hex" there are lines on the monitor that is clearly another hexigon surrounding the Hex. Captain Marvel confirms there is tech that can go into a persons memory and view it on a monitor. Record it. Etc. Can this tech be in use to give Teyonah Paris Monica Rambeau's real memories? I doubt it but its still fun to think about.
Also in Episode 5 during the previously on WandaVision Wanda says "She's gone. She didn't belong here" changing it from "oh she left honey, she had to rush home." said in episode 4. Then it is followed by the shot of Monica saying "It's all Wanda!" So whoever is in charge of the broadcast straight up changed history, and then blamed Wanda on the next shot.Think about it ppl! Open your eyes sheeple!
Episode 5 timestamp 17:46 -Darcy "Aw man are we being mind controlled to see this right now?"
-Jimmy Woo: Jeepers Creepers (It is an ancient, mysterious demon, who seeks organs from humans to replace its own old or damaged ones.)
Baba Jaga is also a Marvel character. Baba Yaga "Baba Yaga, also spelled Baba Jaga, in Slavic folklore, an ogress who steals, cooks, and eats her victims, usually children", mentioned in Ant-Man and the Wasp.
"The full powers of the woman known as Baba Yaga remains unknown, but she has exhibited magical powers such as reanimating the dead"
"For the children"
S̷̮̜͊̍O̸͓̬̓̿̋̃U̴̫͊L̸̼̺̲̓̆͠ ̵̪͎͋Ö̴̗̹̦̼̀̎̿͘N̸̬͂̈́̀̏͝ ̸̨̗͔̺̃Ḋ̷̨̘̿̚I̵̜̲̬̖͆̅S̸͇͉̯̣̈́̓̈́N̴̝̖̘̟̉͝Ë̷̹̰̝̠͌͆͠Y̷̨̗͚͐̂̓Ṕ̴̝͎̟͔̐̈̈́͝L̸̛̼̥̾̀U̶̥͍̽͠S̴̭̞̥̾͊͊̏̇

The Vegan Gains "stats" debate.

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what is hazard ratio in statistics video

Hazard ratio is a ratio of two hazard functions HR(t) = 1(t;x 1) 2(t;x 2) (3.1) and we remind the reader that the hazard function is deﬁned as (t;x) = lim +t!0 P(t T<t+ tjT t;X= x) t and that hazard is connected to the survival function via the following formula S(t;x) = e: 1)) = 1 1) = + p) In simple terms we can therefore state that a hazard is the rate at which an event occurs (risk x time) and a hazard ratio is a the ratio of that rate from two differing groups. In other words, the hazard ratio is a relative risk, when there is an interest in the timing of that risk. For example, while a relative risk might not be able to show that a treatment has an effect because both groups suffered the same number of deaths, a hazard ratio might show a difference because the treatment For time to event variable, the most commonly used statistics is hazard ratio. Hazard ratio is the ratio of hazards and equals to the hazard rate in the treatment group ÷ the hazard rate in the control group. Hazard rate represents the instantaneous event rate, which means the probability that an individual would experience an event at a particular given point in time after the intervention. While the hazard rate is associated with the event rate or median survival time, the hazard rate Let’s say that in your experiment the calculated Hazard Ratio is equal to 0.65. This is how you can interpret and report it. The mortality rate in a group of smokers drops by 35% compared to the group of high-calorie diet. The mortality rate among smokers is 0.65 times of that among patients with a high-calorie diet. "Hazard" bezeichnet die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass ein bestimmtes Ereignis innerhalb eines definierten Zeitraums eintritt. Die Hazard Ratio (oder Hazard Rate) entspricht dem Verhältnis der Hazard Raten zweier Gruppen. Die Hazard Ratio (HR) wird häufig bei klinischen Studien verwendet. Sie gibt das Risikoverhältnis zwischen verschiedenen Behandlungsgruppen an. Dabei wird das Risiko einer Behandlungsgruppe zum Risiko einer 2. Gruppe in Relation gesetzt. Als Beispiel: Bei einer klinischen It is nevertheless useful to be reminded now and then what is the relation between the relative risk and the odds ratio, and when by equating the two statistics we are sometimes forcing OR to be... Hazard ratio (HR) is a measure of an effect of an intervention on an outcome of interest over time. Hazard ratio is reported most commonly in time-to-event analysis or survival analysis (i.e. when we are interested in knowing how long it takes for a particular event/outcome to occur). The hazard ratio is the ratio of (chance of an event occurring in the treatment arm)/ (chance of an event occurring in the control arm) (20). The HR has also been defined as, the ratio of (risk of outcome in one group)/ (risk of outcome in another group), occurring at a given interval of time (21). The hazard ratio is a comparison between the probability of events in a treatment group, compared to the probability of events in a control group. It’s used to see if patients receiving a treatment progress faster (or slower) than those not receiving treatment. Key facts about the hazard ratio Hazard is defined as the slope of the survival curve — a measure of how rapidly subjects are dying. The hazard ratio compares two treatments. If The hazard ratio compares two treatments.

How to interpret the value of 'Hazard Ratio" in practice

what is hazard ratio in statistics

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Some common gender myths and their rebuttals

Myth 1: "Sexism against men is never institutional or systematic"

Myth 2: "Most politicians and CEOs are men, and this has led to a society that privileges men and disenfranchises women"

Myth 3: "Women were uniquely oppressed in history compared to men"

Myth 4: "Domestic violence and sexual assault are primarily women's issues"

Myth 5: "False allegations are extremely rare"

Myth 6: "Men commit suicide more often than women, but women still attempt suicide more often than men"

Myth 7: "Men make more money because of their gender, and this is evidence of male privilege"

Myth 8: "Men don't go to the doctor because of toxic masculinity"

Myth 9: "Men don't speak up about sexism as much as women, so it's obviously not as big of an issue"

Myth 10: "Most men's issues are caused by men themselves"

Myth 11: "Toxic masculinity is harming men and their mental health"

Myth 12: "Most men's activists just hate women or are opposed to feminism. They don't really care about men."

Myth 13: "Men don't receive custody of their children because they're bad fathers and don't bother requesting custody"

Myth 14: "Most child abusers are men"

I've Found 929 Discs Over 4 Years - Here's Some Data!

[Q] Relationship between Confidence Intervals and P-values

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Confidence Intervals, P-values, and Statistical Significance

Baba Yaga- The Child eater- my notes (updated post)

The Vegan Gains "stats" debate.

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what is hazard ratio in statistics video

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